GERUNDS and INFINITIVES part 2 by Betty S. Azar

15-4  PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS ‘SIMPLE PAST ACTIVE to see seeing to have seen having seen PASSIVE to be seen being seen to have been seen having been seen FORMS

PAST INFINITIVE : to have + past participle (a)     The rain seems to have stopped. The event expressed by a past infinitive or past gerund happened before the time of the main verb. In (a): The rain seems now to have stopped of few minutes ago.* PAST GERUND: having + past participle (b)     I appreciate having had the opportunity to meet the king. In (b): I met the king yesterday. I appreciate now having had the opportunity to meet the king yesterday.* PASSIVE INFINITIVE: to be + past participle         (c) I didn’t except to be invited to his party In (c): to be invited is passive. The understood by-phrase is “by him”: I didn’t expect to be invited by him. PASSIVE GERUND: being + past participle         (d)I appreciated being invited to your home In (d): being invited is passive. The understood by-phrase is “by you”: I appreciate being invited by you. PAST-PASSIVE INFINITIVE: to have been + past participle         (e) Nadia is fortunate to have been given a scholarship In (e): Nadia was given a scholarship last month by her government. She is fortunate. Nadia is fortunate now to have been given a scholarship last month by her government. PAST-PASSIVE GERUND : having been + past participle         (f) I appreciate having been told the news In (f): I was told the news yesterday by someone. I appreciate that. I appreciate now having been told the news yesterday by someone.

*If the main verb is past, the action of the past infinitive or gerund happened before a time in the past: The main seemed to have stopped= The rain seemed at six P.M to have stopped before six P.M. I appreciated having had the opportunity to meet the king.= I met the king in 1995. In 1997 I appreciated had the opportunity to meet the king in 1995.

ð        EXERCISE 9.Passive and past forms of infinitives and gerunds. (Chart 15-4)

                        Directions: Supply an appreciate form for each verb in parentheses.

1.      I don’t enjoy (laugh) being laughed at by other people.

2.      I’m angry at him for (tell, not) not telling/ not having told* me the truth.

3.      It is easy (fool) to be fooled by his lies.

4.      I expected (invite)                                                    to the party, but I wasn’t.

5.      Sometimes adolescents complain about not (understand)                                       by their parents.

6.      Your compositions are supposed (write)                                                 in ink.

7.      Jin Won had a narrow escape. He was almost hit by a car. He barely avoided (hit)                                         by a speeding automobile.

8.      Ms. Thompson is always willing to help if there is a problem in the office, but she doesn’t want (call)                                               at home unless there is an emergency.

9.      Jack Welles has a good chance (elect)                                         .I know I’m going to vote for him.

10.  Carlos appears (lose)                                         some weight. Has he been ill?

11.  You must tell me the truth. I insist on(tell)                                                   the truth.

12.  Don’t all of us want(love)                                    and (need)                                   by other people.

13.  Dear Hiroki,

I feel guilty about (write, not)                                         to you sooner, but I’ve been swamped with work lately.

14.  A: You know Jim Frankenstein, don’t you?

B: Jim Frankenstein? I don’t think so. I don’t recall ever (meet)                                       him.

15.  Mr. Gow  mentioned (injure)                                          in an accident as a child, but he never told us the details.

16.  Tim was in the army during the war. He was caught by the enemy, but he managed to escape. He is lucky (escape)                                           with his life.

17.  A: Is Abdul a transfer student?

B: Yes.

A: Where did he go to school before he came here?

B: I’m not sure, but I think he mentioned something about (go)                           to UCLA or USC.

18.  We would like (invite)                                          to the president’s reception at the Pearl Hotel last week, but we weren’t.*

(a)     I need to borrow some money. (b)     John needs to be told the truth. Usually an infinitive follows need, as in (a)and (b). (c)     The house needs painting (d)     The house needs painted In certain circumstances, a gerund may follow need. In this case, the gerund carries a passive meaning. Usually the situations involve fixing or improving something. (c)( and (d) have the same meaning. 15-5 USING GERUNDS OR PASSIVE INFINITIVES FOLLOWED NEED

ð        EXERCISE 10. Using gerunds or passive infinitives following NEED. (Chart 15-5)

          Directions: Supply an appropriate form of the verb in parentheses.

1.       The chair is broken. I need (fix) to fix it. The chair needs (fix)fixing/ to be fixed.

2.       The baby’s diaper is wet. It needs (change)                                          

3.       What a mess! This room needs (clean)                                            up. We need (clean)                                          

It up before the company arrives.

4.      My shirt is wrinkled. It needs (iron)                                                  

5.      There is a hole in our roof. The roof needs (repair)                                                

6.      I have books and papers all over my desk. I need (take)                                         some time to straighten up my desk. It needs ( straighten)                                                   up.

7.      The apples on the tree are ripe. They need (pick)                                          

8.      The dog’s been digging in the hand. He needs (wash)                                                   

ð        EXERCISE 11. Gerunds vs. Infinitives following NEED. (Chart 15-5)

Directions: Look at the picture.

What needs doing/ to be done?

15-6 USING A POSSESIVE TO MODIFY A GERUND We came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about that fact (a)      FORMAL: Mr. Lee complained about our coming to class late. (b)     INFORMAL: Mr. Lee complained class late. In formal English, a possessive adjective (e.g., our)is used to modify a gerund, as in (a) In informal English, the object form of a pronoun  (e.g., us) is frequently used, as in (b).         (c)   FORMAL: Mr. Lee complained about Mary’s                  coming to class late        (d) INFORMAL: Mr. Lee complained about Mary coming to class late. In very formal English, a possessive noun (e.g., Mary’s) is used to modify a gerund. The possessive form is often not used in informal English, as in (d).

*Coming to class late occurred before Mr. Lee complained, so a past gerund is also possible: Mr. Lee complained about our having come to class late.

ð        EXERCISE 12. Using a possessive to modify a gerund. (Chart 15-6)

Directions: Combine the pairs of sentences. Change that fact to a gerund phrase. Use formal English. Discuss informal usage.

1.      Mary won a scholarship. We are excited about that fact.

           We are excited about Mary’s (Mary) winning a scholarship.

2.      He didn’t want to go. I couldn’t understand that fact.

           I couldn’t understand his (him) not wanting to go.

3.      You took the time to help us. We greatly appreciate that fact.

4.      We talked about him behind his back. The boy resented that fact.

5.      They ran away to get married. That fact shocked everyone.

6.      You re late  to work every morning. I will no longer tolerate the fact.

7.      Ann borrowed Sally’s clothes without asking her first. Sally complained about that fact.

8.      Helen is here to answer our questions about the company’s new insurance plan. We should take advantage of that fact.

ð        EXRCISE 13. Review: Verb form. (Chart 14-1          15-6)

Directions: Supply an appropriate form for each verb in parentheses.

1.      Alice didn’t expect (ask)                                         to Bill’s party.

2.      I’m not accustomed to (drink)                                     coffee with my meals.

3.      I’ll help you with your homework as soon as I finish (wash)                                    the dishes.

4.      She took a deep breath (relax)                                          herself before she got up to give her speech.

5.      I’m prepared (answer)                                             any question that might be asked during my job interview tomorrow.

6.      Mathew left without (tell)                                         anyone.

7.      It’s useless. Give up.  Enough’s  enough. Don’t keep (beat)                                                  your head against a brick wall.

8.      His (be, not)                                                          able to come is disappointing.

ð        EXERCISE 13. Review: verb forms. (Charts 14-1          15-6)

Directions: Supply an appropriate form each verb in parentheses.

1.      Alice didn’t expect (ask)                                       to Bill’s party.

2.      I’m not accustomed to (drink)                                       coffee with my meals.

3.      I’ll help you with your homework as soon as I finish (wash)                                      the dishes.

4.      She took a deep breath (relax)                                      herself before she got up to give her speech.

5.      I’m prepared (answer)                                  any question that might be asked during my job interview tomorrow.

6.      Mathew left without (tell)                                             anyone.

7.      It’s useless. Give up. Enough’s enough. Don’t keep (beat)                                         your head against a brick wall.

8.      His (be, not)                                            able to come is disappointing.

9.      I hope (award)                                  a scholarship for the coming semester.

10.  We are very pleased (accept)                                          your invitation.

11.  I have considered (get)                                              a part-time job (help)                                      pay for my school expenses.

12.  It is exciting (travel)                                     to faraway places and (leave)                                   one’s daily routine behind.

13.  (Help)                                            the disadvantaged children learn how to read was a rewarding experience.

14.  He wants (like)                                         and (trust)                                       by everyone.

15.  I can’t help (wonder)                                             why Larry did such a foolish thing.

16.  Mr. Carson is very lucky (choose)                                        by the committee as their representative to the meeting in Paris.

17.  (Live)                                                in a  city has certain advantages.

18.  Keep on (do)                                           whatever you were doing. I didn’t mean (interrupt)                                

you.

19.  It is very kind of you (take)                                       care of that problem for me.

20.  She opened the window (let)                                          in some fresh air.

21.  They agreed (cooperate)                                             with us to the fullest extent.

22.  Jack wastes a lot of time (hang)                                      out with his friends on street corners.

23.  Did you remember (turn)                                      in your assignment.

24.  I don’t remember ever (hear)                                               that story before.

25.  Does your son regret (leave)                                                   home and (go)                                        to a foreign country (study)                                         ?

26.  I appreciate your  (ask)                                              my opinion on the matter.

27.  You should stop (drive)                                           if you get sleepy. It’s dangerous (drive)                                  when you’re not alert.

28.  I have trouble (fall)                                         asleep at night.

29.  After driving for three hours, we stopped (get)                                              something to eat.

30.  Please forgive me for (be, not)                                             here to help you yesterday.

ð        EXERCISE 14. Review: gerunds and infinitives. (Charts 14-1            15-6)

Directions: Complete the sentences with your. Own words. Each sentences should contain a                                  GERUND or an INFINITIVE.

Example: You are required ……..

                           You are required to stop at the border when entering Canada by car.

1.      Your not wanting …………..

2.      It’s important for ……………

3.      I’ll never forget …………….

4.      Jack advised not ……………

5.      I’m not willing ……………..

6.      My apartment needs ………..

7.      …….. enough energy ………

8.      …….. in order to save ……...

9.      …….. to be told about ……...

10.  …….. had just begun ………when …….

11.  Do you think it is easy……..?

12.  ….. my having been………..

13.  Do you ever considered ……?

14.  ….. is likely ……

15.  Most people object ……

16.  ……. try to avoid …….